Recognizing Indigenous History Month in June

The story of this land begins with the Attawandaron (Neutral) people who were one of the earliest known Indigenous nations to live in the area we now call Waterloo Region. The name “Attawandaron” comes from the Huron-Wendat people and means “people of slightly different language.” Samuel de Champlain later referred to them as “la Nation neutre” because of the peace they held with the Haudenosaunee and Huron-Wendat.[1] In the 1400s, the Attawandaron people lived in villages of 800-1000 people. These villages were populated with longhouses and surrounded by large fields of maize, beans and squash, which made up a large portion of their diet. Every 10-30 years, when the land could no longer support the agricultural or hunting needs of the community, the villages moved to a new location nearby. Evidence of this sustainable movement across the land can be seen today through the “clusters” of Attawandaron village remains that have been excavated along Fischer-Hallman Road and Strasburg Creek. [2]

As more and more European settlers arrived in North America, the landscape shifted, and Indigenous ways of life were disrupted. At the beginning of the 1600s, there were approximately 40,000 Attawandaron people, but by the end of the century their population had greatly diminished. The Attawandaron population was weakened by famine and new diseases brought by the Europeans, such as smallpox. They also suffered large casualties during conflicts with other Indigenous peoples, such as the Haudenosaunee. The remaining Attawandaron people assimilated into the Haudenosaunee and other Indigenous nations. [3]

In the latter half of the 1600s, the Haudenosaunee (Six Nations) people lived on the land in the valley of the Great Lakes, which includes Waterloo Region. The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is made up of the Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Mohawk and later the Tuscarora. In 1696, the Haudenosaunee people faced conflict with the Mississauga people, which forced them to return to their traditional lands near the British colony of New York. The Mississauga people, an Anishinaabe nation, then inhabited the land in the valley of the Great Lakes and used parts of Waterloo Region for different seasonal needs throughout the year.[4]

Meanwhile, hostilities between the French and British colonies festered and erupted into the Seven Years’ War. The war resulted in the Royal Proclamation of 1763. This proclamation gave the British control over the French colonies and established a law that Indigenous people could only sell land from their reserve to the British monarch. This proclamation would have far-reaching effects and would be one of the triggers for the American Revolutionary War.[5]

After the American Revolutionary War, land borders were redrawn by the British and the Americans, with little attention given to the Indigenous peoples.[6] Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea), a Mohawk war chief, interceded on behalf of the Haudenosaunee people who had been living near the colony of New York.[7] He petitioned Sir Frederick Haldimand, Governor of Quebec, to provide the land surrounding the Grand River to the Haudenosaunee people who had fought with the British and been displaced by the war. Haldimand agreed and arranged for the land between the three Great Lakes (Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and Lake Huron) to be purchased.

On May 22, 1784, the deed of sale in the amount of 1,180 pounds was drawn up by British officials and signed by the Mississauga chiefs.[8] At the signing, this remark from the Mississauga speaker was recorded (transcribed as written):

“We the Mississagas [sic] are not the owners of all that Land laying between the three Lakes, but we have agreed and are willing to transfer our right of Soil & property to the King our Father, for the use of His people, and our Brethren the Six Nations…this tract of Land we imagine will be quite sufficient both for the Kings people, and our Brethren the Six Nations, who may wish to settle and hunt thereon; Your request or proposal does not give us that trouble or concern that you might imagine from the answer you received from some of our people the other day, that difficultly is entirely removed, we are Indians, and consider ourselves and the Six Nations to be one and the same people, and agreeable to a former, and mutual agreement, we are both to help each other Brother Captain Brant, we are happy to hear that you intend to settle at the River Oswego with your people, we hope you will keep your young men in good Order, as we shall be in one Neighbourhood, and to live in friendship with each other as Brethren ought to do.”[9]

This statement highlights some of the cultural differences between the Indigenous understanding of the agreement and the British intentions for the land.

Later that year, on October 25, 1784, Sir Frederick Haldimand signed the Haldimand Proclamation (also known as the Haldimand Treaty). This treaty granted the Haudenosaunee a tract of approximately 950,000 acres from the land ceded by the Mississauga people. The tract spans 10 kilometers (6 miles) on each side of the Grand River from the source of the river to Lake Erie. [10] Waterloo Region is located on the Haldimand Tract.

The following is a transcription of the Haldimand Proclamation:

In 1799, Jacob Bechtel accompanied a group of Mennonite settlers from Pennsylvania to the Niagara Region where Mennonite settlements had already formed. While he was in Canada, he spent two months surveying and assessing Block 2 with an Indigenous guide. When he returned to Pennsylvania, he shared his findings and stirred up interest among the Mennonites. In 1800, Richard Beasley sold over 8,000 acres of Block 2 to the Mennonites. Some of the earliest Mennonite families to arrive in Waterloo Region were the Bechtel family, the Biehn (Bean) family, the Shörg (Shrek) family and the Betzner family. [17]

In 1802, Samuel Bricker, a Mennonite settler, went to York to register his recent land purchase and learned that Beasley owed money on the land in Block 2. This meant that the Mennonite settlers did not have full ownership of the land they had purchased. To avoid the instability of living on mortgaged land, the Mennonites decided to purchase all of Block 2 (approximately 60,000 acres) from Beasley. Samuel Bricker and his brother, John, returned to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania to raise the 10,000 pounds needed for the purchase.

In Pennsylvania, the Bricker brothers were able to entice the Erb family, who they were related to through marriage. Samuel Bricker and Daniel Erb entered into an agreement with Richard Beasley that would require payment by May 23, 1805. The Executive Council approved this agreement, and the funds from the land purchase were entrusted to Colonel William Claus.[18] Claus was the Superintendent General of Indian Affairs for Upper Canada and chairman of the trustees for the Six Nations Trust Fund. This fund was designed to hold incoming funds from the sales or leases of Haudenosaunee land. The money from the fund was to be used to support the Haudenosaunee people, but records were not always clear on how the money was handled.[19]

Together the Brickers and the Erbs created the German Company to organize the financial subscriptions for Block 2. The company had 26 shareholders with 64 shares. The company surveyed the land once again, and they divided it into 128 lots of 448 acres and 32 lots of 83 acres. The company shareholders drew lots for which parcel of land they would receive. Some chose to settle on the land, while others

held it for speculation. Diaries written by these early Mennonite settlers depict interactions with the Indigenous people, where relationships were often built around trade.[20]

One of the German Company shareholders who chose to make the journey to Canada was Abraham Erb. He drew Lots 14 and 15 of Block 2. This land was swampy and not considered good for farming, so he constructed a sawmill on Laurel Creek in 1808. The Village of Waterloo grew up around the sawmill and expanded to become the Town and then City of Waterloo. [21] Waterloo Region is now the home of over 600,000 people who live in Block 2 on the Haldimand Tract.

Today, less than 5% of the Haldimand Tract is currently owned by the Haudenosaunee. The remaining land is found on the Six Nations of the Grand River reserve, which is located near Brantford, Ontario. The Six Nations of the Grand River continue to investigate land transactions on the Haldimand Tract and seek fair compensation from the Canadian government. [22]

The history of Waterloo and the many people who have lived on this land is rich, yet complex. By exploring the stories of our past, we can begin to understand our present.

If you would like to learn more about Waterloo’s history, please visit the Ellis Little Local History Room at the Main Library or check out the Waterloo Public Library’s online collections here.

For further reading check out…

• The Canadian Encyclopedia to read more about the Haldimand Proclamation.
• The Six Nations of the Grand River’s Key Issues and Land Resources webpages to read more about Indigenous land rights.
• The Valley of the Six Nations edited by Charles M. Johnston for primary documents, including transcriptions of letters and treaties.
• Waterloo Township Through Two Centuries by Elizabeth Bloomfield to read more about early settlers in Waterloo Region.

1. Noble, William C. “The Neutral Confederacy.” Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, 14 March 2016, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/neutral.
2. Weidner, Johanna. “Pottery shards, stone tools among Indigenous artifacts found on Kitchener site.” The Record, 4 March 2020, https://www.therecord.com/news/waterloo-region/2020/03/04/pottery-shards-stone-tools-among-indigenous-artifacts-found-on-kitchener-site.html
3. Noble, William C. “The Neutral Confederacy.” Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, 14 March 2016, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/neutral.
4. McLaughlin, Kenneth and Murray G. Brooksbank. Preserving our Past: the Ormston Heritage House: a window into Waterloo Township’s history. 2020. pg. 11-13
5. Glover, Fred. “Royal Proclamation of 1763 (Plain-Language Summary).” Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, 3 February 2020,  https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/royal-proclamation-of-1763-plain-language-summary .
6. “Six Miles Deep: Land Rights of the Six Nations of the Grand River.” Six Nations Council, https://www.sixnations.ca/SixMilesDeepBooklet2015Final.pdf . pg. 4
7. Rickert-Hall, Joanna. Waterloo You Never Knew: Life on the Margins. Dundurn Press, 2019. pg. 24
8. Johnston, Charles M., editor. The Valley of the Six Nations. University of Toronto Press, 1964. pg. 48
9. Johnston, Charles M., editor. The Valley of the Six Nations. University of Toronto Press, 1964. pg. 47
10. “Key Issues: Lands & Resources.” Six Nations of the Grand River, 2021, https://www.sixnations.ca/key-issues/land-rights
11. “The Haldimand Treaty of 1784.” Six Nations Council, 2008, https://www.sixnations.ca/LandsResources/HaldProc.htm .
12. Filice, Michelle. “Haldimand Proclamation.” Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, 10 November 2020, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haldimand-proclamation .
13. Cruikshank, E.A.. “The Reserve of the Six Nations on the Grand River and the Mennonite Purchase of Block No. 2.” Waterloo Historical Society, vol. 15, 1927. pg. 312
14. McLaughlin, Kenneth and Murray G. Brooksbank. Preserving our Past: the Ormston Heritage House: a window into Waterloo Township’s history. 2020. pg. 19
15. Filice, Michelle. “Haldimand Proclamation.” Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, 10 November 2020, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haldimand-proclamation .
16. McLaughlin, Kenneth and Murray G. Brooksbank. Preserving our Past: the Ormston Heritage House: a window into Waterloo Township’s history. 2020. pg. 19-21
17. Bloomfield, Elizabeth. Waterloo Township through Two Centuries. 1995. pg. 34
18. Rowell, Marg, Ed Devitt and Pat McKegney. Welcome to Waterloo. 1982. pg. 8-9
19. “Six Miles Deep: Land Rights of the Six Nations of the Grand River.” Six Nations Council, https://www.sixnations.ca/SixMilesDeepBooklet2015Final.pdf . pg. 5
20. Rickert-Hall, Joanna. Waterloo You Never Knew: Life on the Margins. Dundurn Press, 2019. pg. 27
21. Rowell, Marg, Ed Devitt and Pat McKegney. Welcome to Waterloo. 1982. pg. 9
22. “Key Issues: Lands & Resources.” Six Nations of the Grand River, 2021, https://www.sixnations.ca/key-issues/land-rights

Healing of the Seven Generations offers support for First Peoples residing in the Region of Waterloo, including those who are experiencing intergenerational impacts from the residential school system.

Anishnabeg Outreach is a local non-profit organization that provides Indigenous people with culturally-appropriate services, and strives to support individuals and provide assistance to overcome barriers.

Crow Shield Lodge provides Indigenous land-based education and healing to people of all Nations. The lodge is based on the Seven Grandfather Teachings and also the Medicine Wheel teachings. Both are rooted in First Nations’ philosophies and allow for the exploration of different roles and responsibilities that include masculine, feminine, and two spirited peoples. Offerings include energy work and traditional doctoring by trained professionals for holistic wellness, purification ceremonies and sweat lodge, naming ceremonies, full moon ceremonies, fasting camp and ceremonies to acknowledge and honour all of our relations.

O:se Kenhionhata:tie was formed by a group of TwoSpirit IndigiQueer folkx who have built a community for Two Spirit, queer, trans, or non-binary Indigenous and settler young people, and who advocated to the local governments for reconciliation through Calls to Action.

The Woodland Cultural Centre serves to preserve Indigenous history, art, language and culture. The Centre in Brantford is open to the public, and also runs virtual programming. There is a virtual tour of the Mohawk Institute Residential School on June 15th from 7-8:30 pm.

Online webinars on a variety of topics are scheduled every Thursday in the month of June. The University of Waterloo recognizes that we need to learn, celebrate and honour Indigeneity throughout the year, not just in the month of June. To learn more, click here.

Laurier offers two Indigenous Student Centres (ISC). Whether you are looking for a space to study, hang out with friends, or continue on your journey of identity through cultural programming – the ISC has got you covered.

Waterloo is situated on the land traditionally cared for by the Haudenosaunee, Anishnaabe and Neutral Peoples. Click here for more information and resources regarding the City of Waterloo’s response to reconciliation.

The City of Kitchener is situated on the traditional territory of the Neutral, Anishinaabeg and Haudenosaunee Peoples. Click here for more information and resources regarding the City of Kitchener’s response to reconciliation.

The Grand River Métis Council represents citizens in the Grand River area as a chartered council of Region 9 and are a council of volunteers who support Métis citizens, host council meetings, and plan community events for our area.

The National Association of Friendship Centres are Canada’s most significant urban Indigenous service delivery infrastructure and are the primary providers of culturally enhanced programs and services to urban Indigenous residents. For over half a century Friendship Centres have been facilitating the transition of Indigenous people from rural, remote, and reserve life to an urban environment.

The Indian Residential School Survivor Society (IRSSS) is an organization based in British Columbia with a twenty-year history of providing services to Indian Residential School Survivors.

Non-Indigenous folk who live in Canada benefit from the colonialism that happened here. That means we are all responsible for our personal role in reconciliation. Learn more about how you can help create change through the On Canada Project: Settlers Take Action.

The Indigenous Relations Academy offers various types of training and support to help guide individuals and organizations in their reconciliation journey and help teach people how to work effectively with Indigenous Peoples. Learn more about the training opportunities available.

NPAAMB Indigenous Youth Employment and Training provides skills development and training opportunities for urban Aboriginal youth ages 15-30 in Southern Ontario. Learn more here.